Updated on: 2026-03-31 | Author: Rahul Patil
All the above
Explanation:
All the given options are vestigial organs/structures in human beings:
Wisdom teeth – no longer needed for chewing tough food.
Ear muscles – humans cannot move their ears like some animals.
Body hairs – reduced in function compared to early humans.
Appendix : vestigial organ : : Peripatus : Connecting Link
Changes in the nucleotide of gene : Mutation : : Changes in the place of ribosome : Translocation
Evolution of upright man continued in the direction of developing its brain for the period of about 1 lakh years and meanwhile it discovered the fire. Brain of a 50 thousand year old man had been sufficiently evolved to the extent that it could be considered as a member of the class homo-sapiens. Neanderthal man can be considered as the first example of wise man.
The Cro-Magnon man evolved about 50 thousand years ago and afterwards, this evolution had been faster than the earlier. About 10 thousand years ago, wise-man started to practice the agriculture. It started to rear the cattle-herds and established the cities.
Cultural development took place.
Large number of organisms get buried due to disasters like floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. Remnants and impressions of such organisms remain preserved underground. These are called fossils.
A sudden change that occurs in the nucleotide sequence of a gene, causing either a minor or considerable change in the characters of an individual is known as mutation.
The evidence of evolution indicated in the given diagram is vestigial organ.
Vestigial organs: Vestigial organs are useless organs that are degenerated or underdeveloped due to non-functionality through several years.
Translation is the process by which tRNA having anticodon to the codon on the mRNA, supplies amino acids, as per the message on mRNA.
The movement of the ribosome from one end of the mRNA to the other end by the distance of one triplet codon during translation is known as translocation.
Vestigial organs are degenerate organs that are inadequately developed and non-functional. They could be useful in certain related and unrelated species, as well as in ancestors.
| Transcription | Translation | |
| i. | Transcription is the process of synthesis of mRNA from DNA. | Translation is the process by which tRNA having anticodon to the codon on the mRNA, supplies amino acids, as per the message on mRNA. |
| ii. | It occurs in the nucleus. | It occurs in the cytoplasm. |
| iii. | It is the process of RNA synthesis. | It is the process of protein synthesis. |
| iv. | RNA polymerase catalyses this process. | The ribosome catalyses this process. |
Following are the evidences of evolution:
Morphological evidences
Anatomical evidences
Vestigial organs
Palaeontological evidences
Connecting links
Embryological evidences
Morphological evidences: Morphological evidence is based on the similarity of size, shape or structure of organs among a group of organisms proving that they evolved from the same ancestor.
Anatomical evidences: Anatomical evidence is the evidence of evolution based on the similarities in the anatomical structure of bones and bony joints in the organs of animals.
Vestigial organs: Vestigial organs are useless organs that are degenerated or underdeveloped due to non-functionality through several years.
Paleontological evidences: Paleontological evidence of evolution is based on the study of remnants and impressions of organisms that remain preserved underground as fossils.
Connecting links: Connecting links are some plants or animals that show morphological characters by which they can be related to two different groups of organisms.
Embryological evidences: Embryological evidence arises from comparative study of embryological developmental stages of various vertebrates. Embryos of different vertebrates appear similar during the initial stages of development and these similarities gradually decrease as the embryo develops.
Mutation is any sudden change that occurs in the nucleotide sequence of a gene, causing either a minor or considerable change in the characters of an individual.
Transcription is the process of synthesis of mRNA from DNA. It takes place in the presence of RNA polymerase.
During transcription, mRNA is produced as per the sequence of nucleotides present on the DNA.
This mRNA sequence is always complementary to the DNA strand that is used for its synthesis.
The thymine in DNA molecule is replaced by uracil in RNA, during the process of transcription.
Lamarckism is the theory of inheritance of acquired characters from one generation to another, given by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
It states that the morphological changes occurring in living organisms are responsible for evolution. This concept was based on the principle of use and disuse of organs.
Morphological changes may occur gradually, either due to specific activities or the laziness of a particular organism.
For e.g. Browsing on leaves of tall plants caused the neck of the giraffe to become long; frequent hammering movements cause the shoulders of ironsmith to become strong; inactivity caused weakening of the wings of birds like emu; legs of swans and ducks have become useful for swimming due to living in water; due to burrowing habits, snakes have lost their legs; etc.
Diversity or hereditary changes occur due to genetic variation.
In sexually reproducing organisms, a fusion of gametes from male and female parents occurs; the offspring always has recombined genes of both the parents. These offspring thus show some characters of either of the parents.
Also, sometimes sudden changes known as mutations occur in the genes. A change in the position of even a single nucleotide can cause either a minor effect or a considerable alteration in the characters of an individual.
If these changes (mutations) occur in the DNA of germline cells, then these changes would be inherited to the next generation.
wings of birds
Size of seeds
structure of bones of hand
Mutation
Explantation:
The rest all three are the stages of protein synthesis.
The duck-billed platypus is a connecting link between mammals and reptiles.
It shows similarity with mammals due to the presence of mammary glands and hairs.
Peripatus is the connecting link between two different groups - Annelida and Arthropoda.
It shows annelid-like characters such as segmented body, thin cuticle, and parapodia-like organs.
It also shows arthropod-like characters such as tracheal respiration and open circulatory system.
In sexually reproducing organisms, fusion of gametes from male and female parents occurs.
Some of the genes of parents are transmitted to the next generation without any changes.
The Carbon dating technique used to assess the age of fossils indicated that invertebrates were present on the earth much before the vertebrates.
Fossils of invertebrates are found buried deep as they are very old and belong to the Palaeozoic era.
The Cenozoic era showed the presence of mammals and birds. Their fossils were seen in the upper strata of the earth’s crust.
It was also observed that vertebrates are more complexed than invertebrates.
Duck-billed platypus
Origin of Species
| Column A | Column B |
| 1) Morphological evidences | b) Leaf venation |
| 2) Paleontological evidences | c) Fossils |
Wisdom teeth
The given pictures indicate paleontological evidences of evolution.
Large number of organisms get buried due to disasters like flood, earthquake, volcano, etc. Remnants and impressions of such organisms remain preserved underground and form fossils.
Carbon dating is a method used to measure the age of fossils.
The given picture indicates the morphological evidence of evolution.
Morphological evidence is based on the similarity of size, shape or structure of organs among a group of organisms proving that they evolved from the same ancestor.
Other examples of evolutionary evidence: Anatomical evidence, paleontological evidence, vestigial organs, embryological evidence, connecting links.
The given picture indicates Lamarckism or inheritance of acquired characters.
Lamarckism or inheritance of acquired characters:
i. Lamarckism is the theory of inheritance of acquired characters from one generation to another, given by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
ii. It states that the morphological changes occurring in living organisms are responsible for evolution. This concept was based on the principle of use and disuse of organs.
iii. Morphological changes may occur gradually, either due to specific activities or laziness of a particular organism.
iv. For e.g. Browsing on leaves of tall plants caused the neck of the giraffe to become long; frequent hammering movements cause the shoulders of ironsmith to become strong; inactivity caused weakening of the wings of birds like emu; legs of swans and ducks have become useful for swimming due to living in water; due to burrowing habits, snakes have lost their legs; etc.
Modification in structure or function acquired by an organism during its life, caused by environmental factors is known as acquired character.
Similarities in the initial stages indicate the Embryological evidence.
True
Theory of evolution : Darwin : : Ancestry of acquired characters : Lamarck
Transfer of information from molecule of DNA to mRNA is called as transcription process.
Some of the main objections raised against Darwin’s theory of natural selection are as follows:
Natural selection is not the only factor responsible for evolution.
In his theory, Darwin did not explain the inheritance of useful and useless modifications.
No explanation regarding slow and abrupt changes was provided in this theory.
The term heredity may be defined as the transmission of genetically based characteristics from parents to offspring.
Carbon consumption of animals and plants stops after death and only the decaying processes of C-14 take place continuously.
The ratio of C-14 to C-12 changes constantly with time as C-12 is nonradioactive in dead plants and animals.
The time passed since the death of a plant or animal can be calculated by carbon dating i.e. by measuring the radioactivity of C-14 and the ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in the remains of the dead organism.
The ability of living organisms to transfer the characters which they have acquired, to the next generation is called inheritance of acquired characters.
Species is a group of organisms that can produce fertile individuals through natural reproduction.
Speciation is the formation of new species of plants and animals as an effect of evolution.
Carbon dating is used in studying the paleontological evidences of evolution.
The given diagrams depict anatomical similarities between the human hand, foreleg of the ox, forelimb of the bat, and flipper of the whale.
Anatomical evidence are the similarities in structures and anatomy between different organisms.
The hand of human, foreleg of ox, flipper of the whale, and forelimb of bat appear different superficially or morphologically.
Also, the function of these structures is different in different animals.
However, there is a similarity in the structure of bones and bony joints in the organs of these animals.
These similarities indicate that the animals evolved from a common ancestor thus providing proof of evolution.
Sickle cell anaemia and Phenylketonuria are the genetic disorders caused by mutation.
Mutation
Transcription
Gregor Johann Mendel
Embryological evidences arise from comparative study of embryological developmental stages of various vertebrates.
Embryos of different vertebrates appear similar during the initial stages of development and these similarities gradually decrease as the embryo develops.
Embryology can be used as evidence of evolution as similarities in initial stages of development indicate common origin of the animals.
The advantages of the science of heredity are as follows:
Diagnosis of diseases.
Treatment and prevention of heredity disorders.
Production of hybrid varieties of animals and plants.
Industrial processes in which microbes are used.
The human body contains several vestigial organs, including the tailbone (coccyx), wisdom teeth, and body hairs.
Darwin is famous for the theory which he published in the book titled 'Origin of Species'.
Darwin’s theory of natural selection is based on the concept of survival of the fittest.
Organisms can reproduce prolifically.
Under limited resources, organisms compete with each other in a life-threatening manner for their survival.
According to this theory, only those organisms survive which show modifications for winning the competition. The selected organisms then give rise to new species with their specific set of characters.
‘(a)’ - Duck billed platypus
‘(b)’ - Lungfish
‘(c)’ - Peripatus
The evolutionary evidence illustrated in the given figure is connecting links.
Definition: Connecting links are some plants or animals that show morphological characters by which they can be related to two different groups of organisms.
It is useful in monkeys and other animals, such as rabbits, cows, and horses, for the movement of the ear pinna.
Appendix is fully functional in ruminants for the digestion of cellulose.