Science & Tech Part 2 Chapter 10 Disaster Management Solutions

An effect of disaster on social leadership is that if local leadership is not strong enough, citizens get confused.

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The unpredictable dangerous events which occur many times in the environment are known as disasters.

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The primary help offered to the victims of disasters before actual medical treatment is available is known as first aid.

A first aid kit is a small box that contains items required for administering first aid to a victim of an accident or disaster.

Some of the important materials that should be included in a first aid kit are:

Bandage strips of different sizes, triangular and circular bandage,

wound gauze,

medicated cotton,

hand gloves,

clean and dry cloth pieces,

soap,

antiseptic (Dettol/Savlon),

safety pins,

blade,

small pins,

needle,

torch,

scissor,

thermometer,

petroleum jelly, etc.

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This symbol represents acute toxic substances, which are harmful even on a single exposure. The action of such substances is rapid and can be fatal.

The disaster associated with this symbol is an unpredictable or intentional health disaster. Exposure to radiation, certain chemicals and poisonous gases are examples of toxic substances.

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This symbol indicates environmental hazards, which are harmful to the environment or aquatic life with long-lasting effects.

The disaster associated with this symbol is a geophysical disaster (atmospheric or geological). For example, greenhouse gases are harmful to the environment. Also, some detergents are harmful to aquatic life.

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Fires, explosions, electric shocks, burns, heat shock, fire due to electric short circuit, etc. are few examples of disasters caused due to unawareness.

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Huge disaster: Landslide, earthquake, volcano, tsunami, flooding, forest fire, snow storms, cyclones, droughts, meteorite, war, etc.

Small disaster: Electric shock, minor burns, heat shock, etc.

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Long duration disaster: Landslide, earthquake, volcano, tsunami, Flooding, forest fire, snowstorm, cyclones, droughts, meteorite, war, etc.

Short duration disaster: Electric shock, heat shock, minor burns, etc.

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Fire mock drills are arranged in various schools by fire fighters, which includes demonstrations like extinguishing the fire, rescuing the people trapped at higher floors of buildings, rescuing the persons whose clothing have caught fire, etc.

Earthquake mock drills are arranged which includes timely evacuation (if possible), providing information on where to seek shelter, how to protect heads and bodies from falling objects, etc.

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Post-disaster management includes the following:

Providing help to the victims of disasters, in all possible ways.

Arranging help to the victims of the disaster with the help of local people who were not harmed by the disaster.

Quick establishment of control and help centres depending upon the type of disaster.

Categorization and delivery of relief materials obtained from control centres and continuous review of the same.

Being alert and prepared for disaster rescue.

We can rescue the citizens whose clothes have caught fire in the following manner:

Stop the person from running and advise them to drop and roll on the floor to put out the fire

Dousing the fire with water

Using a fire blanket, non-flammable mat, blanket or article of clothing to assist in smothering the fire.

Treat the burn injury appropriately once the fire is out and wait for help.

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It is a natural (biological) disaster

Covid – 19 (Coronavirus)

Rules to follow in order to survive this disaster:

i. Use masks

ii. Wash hands and face with soap and water after returning home from outside.

iii. Avoid visiting overcrowded places

iv. Use hand sanitizers regularly

v. Avoid shaking hands with others

vi. Maintain social distancing in public spaces.

i. Alarmingly high number of deaths due to the virus

ii. Economic losses

iii. Unemployment

iv. Closure of educational institutes resulting in academic losses

v. Social, financial, political, and mental unrest

In account of disaster, the important facts to be considered are as follows:

Pre-disaster phase

Warning phase

Emergency phase

Rehabilitation phase

Recovery phase

Reconstruction phase

long term effects of disaster on society:

Social Effects: Loss of life, displacement, disruption of education and healthcare, and weakened social order.

Economic Effects: Infrastructure destruction, unemployment, inflation, and increased government expenditure.

Environmental Effects: Loss of biodiversity, pollution, deforestation, and climate change impact.

Psychological Effects: Trauma, PTSD, anxiety, and community disintegration.

Disasters deeply impact society, requiring long-term recovery and resilience efforts.

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The disaster shown in the pictures is floods.

The effects of floods are the collapsing of bridges, flooding of coastal villages, massive loss of life and property, shortage of food, soil erosion, spread of water-borne diseases and other epidemics.

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a. Earthquake is shown in image ‘A’ and fire is shown in image ‘B’.

b. The effects of these disasters are loss of life, financial crisis, damage to property and mental stress.

c.

In case of earthquake:

Run for a safe exit and try to reach an open place away from buildings and tall trees.

Avoid using elevators while exiting a building. Use staircase instead.

If you are stuck in a room, take shelter under a hard surface, such as a table.

In case of fire:

Use a fire extinguisher to put off the fire.

Run towards a safe place away from the location of fire.

While entering to the safe room, make sure that there is no fire in that room. You can do so by touching the door and feeling the heat on door before opening it.

If there is lot of smoke, keep your head low to the ground to avoid excess inhalation of smoke.

Call the fire brigade immediately.

Also, if any person has suffered minor burns,

a. Wash the injured part with water or hold it under water.

b. Clean the wound with an antiseptic solution using a cotton swab and apply ointments that are specially prescribed for burns.

c. Cover the wound using dry dressing.

If a person has suffered major burns,

a. Use sterilized cloth to cover the wound.

b. Immediately remove jewellery, shoes, etc., from the body.

c. Do not touch or burst the blisters on the skin, remove the cloth stuck to the region of burnt skin.

The three aspects of disaster which are important in view of common citizens are as follows:

Phase of emergency

Transitional phase

Reconstruction phase

Stem cells are specialised cells that give rise to all other types of cells present in the body of multicellular organisms.

The seven main aspects of disaster management cycle are;

Preparation

Redemption

Preparedness

Impact of disaster

Response

Resurgence

Restoration

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Disasters that lead to total chaos and huge loss of life and property in respective region are known as catastrophic disaster.

e.g. Cyclones in Odisha, catastrophic earthquakes of Gujarat and Latur, frequently buzzing cyclones in coastal Andhra Pradesh, etc.

The features of the transitional phase of disaster management are as follows:

Rehabilitation work is started in this phase.

It includes clearing of debris, restoring water supply, repairing roads, etc. in order to bring normalcy in public life.

Rehabilitation of the victims is an important aspect of this phase. Different institutes offer monetary and other types of help to the victims.

In order to soothe the mental stress of the victims at the earliest, they are offered with permanent means of earning livelihood also known as true rehabilitation.

The main natural disasters are floods, wet and dry famine, cyclones, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.

Very dangerous environmental events are disasters like floods, wet and dry famine, cyclones, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.

Some of the disastrous effects of the earthquake are:

Collapsing of houses, developing cracks in land, etc.

Earthquake leads to massive destruction of life and property.

It leads to the destruction of infrastructure viz. roads, bridges, etc.

Rivers tend to change the course of flow due to the blocking of the natural course of water.

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Phase of emergency:

Maximum lives can be saved by quick action during this phase.

Search and rescue operations, medical assistance, first aid, restoring communication services, removing the people from the affected area, etc. are actions expected in this phase.

The actual gravity of the disaster can be estimated in this phase only.

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The different objectives of mock drill are as follows:

To evaluate the response to the disaster.

To improve the coordination between various departments of disaster control.

To identify the abilities of the organization and its people for facing disaster.

To check the competency of the planned actions.

To identify the possible errors and risks.

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The effects of a political disaster are as political unrest, loss of – political trust, political legitimacy and political stability, etc.