Q1. ___________ have valuable contributions in the green revolution in the USA.
Dr. Norman Borlaug have valuable contributions in the green revolution in the USA.
Updated on: 2026-03-31 | Author: Rahul Patil
Dr. Norman Borlaug have valuable contributions in the green revolution in the USA.
Stem cells are present in the umbilical cord by which the foetus is joined to the uterus of the mother.
Stem cell research is the revolutionary event in biotechnology after cloning.
Nostoc organism is used as biofertilizers.
True
Apiculture : Honey bees : : Cultivation of medicinal plants : Adulsa and Neem
At the earliest stage of development, the organism is in the form of a mass of a cell, which are almost alike, those cells are called Stem cells.
Availability of donor is an important requirement in organ transplantation.
Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Nostoc, Anabaena.
Biotechnology integrated the toxin which is fatal for bollworm, was produced in leaves and bolls of cotton.
Cell differentiation starts from 14th day of conception.
| Sr. No. | Plants | Functions |
| 1 | Pteris vitata | To absorb arsenic from soil |
| 2 | Pseudomonas | To clean the hydrocarbons and oil pollutants from soil and water |
| 3 | Sunflower | To absorb uranium and arsenic. |
| 4 | Deinococcus radiodurans | To absorb the radiations from radioactive debris. |
| 5 | Indian mustard | To absorb selenium from soil |
The technique of bringing about improvements in living organisms by genetic modifications and hybridization, for the welfare of human beings is known as ‘Biotechnology’.
The production of replica of any cell or organ or entire organism is known as cloning.
The technique used in forensic sciences and paternity testing, wherein the identity of any person can be established with the help of its available DNA is known as DNA fingerprinting.
Large number of organisms get buried due to disasters like floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. Remnants and impressions of such organisms remain preserved underground. These are called fossils.
The technique used to treat genetic disorders using biotechnology is known as gene therapy.
Crops developed with desired characteristics by integrating foreign genes with their genome are called genetically modified crops.
E.g. Bt cotton, Bt Brinjal, Golden Rice, Herbicide tolerant plants, etc.
Stem cells are specialised cells that give rise to all other types of cells present in the body of multicellular organisms.
The antigen (killed/inactivated form of pathogen) containing material introduced into the body to acquire either permanent or temporary immunity against a specific pathogen or disease is known as vaccine.
Posthumous Donation
True
Advantages of cloning technique are as follows:
Genes can also be cloned to produce millions of copies that can be used for gene therapy to treat hereditary diseases.
Using therapeutic cloning, stem cells or genes can be cloned in order to treat hereditary diseases.
The commercial applications of biotechnology are as follows:
Biotechnology is used in the field of agriculture in order to improve crop variety and yields by techniques such as genetic modification, hybridization, etc.
Techniques such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer are useful in animal husbandry to improve quality and/or quantity of animal products like milk, wool, meat, etc.
Biotechnology has applications for the welfare of human health in diagnosis and treatment of diseases using vaccines, interferons, antibiotics, etc. Also, gene therapy and therapeutic cloning have applications in treating genetic disorders.
Biotechnology is used for the manufacture of industrial products, environmental management, food processing, green revolution, white revolution and blue revolution.
DNA fingerprinting techniques play an important role in forensic sciences and paternity testing.
Stem cell research has the potential of bringing about fundamental changes in the medical science.
Stem Cell therapy has the following applications:
a. Cell therapy: In case of medical conditions like myocardial infarction, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc., stem cells are used to replace dead cells.
b. In conditions like anemia, thalassemia and leukemia, where blood count is affected, stem cells are used to produce new blood cells. This is known as regenerative cell therapy.
c. Organ transplantation: Advances in research may make it possible to produce organs like liver or kidney from stem cells to be used for transplantation in case of organ failure.
Types of cloning are as follows:
Reproductive cloning - Fusion of a nucleus of somatic cell with the enucleated ovum to form a completely new organism is known as reproductive cloning.
Therapeutic cloning - Somatic cells are fused with an enucleated egg cell, in order to obtain stem cells. This is known as therapeutic cloning.
In vaccination, a small amount of vaccine i.e. killed/inactivated form of pathogens (antigen) is introduced into the body to induce an immune response against a specific pathogen or disease. e.g.
Polio vaccine, hepatitis vaccine, etc.
Vaccines produced by biotechnology are comparatively safer than using completely or partially killed pathogens as vaccines.
These vaccines are more thermo-stable.
Vaccines produced by biotechnology remain active for longer periods in the body.
Edible vaccines are being produced using biotechnology. e.g. Transgenic potatoes provide immunity against cholera and diseases caused by Escherichia coli.
Humus
Urea
Diabetes
Cooking
Pink bollworm
Industrial revolution
Rice
For the purpose of preservation stem cell samples are kept in liquid nitrogen.
False
Bt Cotton, Bt Brinjal and Golden Rice
Various microbes like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Nostoc and Anabaena are used as biofertilizers in agriculture.
These biofertilizers can be used to improve the nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilisation abilities of plants.
Organic farming using these biofertilizers can reduce the use of harmful chemical fertilizers.
In recent times people have a more liberal view behind the concept of organ and body donation and believe that after death our body should be useful to other needful persons so that their miserable life would become comfortable.
Also, awareness about these concepts is increasing in our country and people are voluntarily donating their bodies.
Life of many people can be saved by organ and body donation. Blinds can regain their vision. Life of many people can be rendered comfortable by the donation of organs like liver, kidneys, heart, heart valves, skin, etc.
Similarly, body can be made available for research in medical studies.
Many government and social organizations are working towards increasing the awareness about body donation.
Genetically Modified crops (GM crops) are developed by altering the DNA of natural crops.
These new varieties possess useful characters that can withstand adverse environmental stresses like frequently changing temperature, famines, changing climate, etc.
GM crops with resistance to insect pests, pathogens and chemical weedicides can also be developed. This enables the farmers to reduce the use of harmful pesticides.
There is an improvement in the nutritive value of crops and a decrease in crop losses due to the use of genetically modified or hybrid seeds.
Unwanted weeds adversely affect the growth of crop plants.
Excessive use of herbicides to eliminate weeds may also harm the crop plants.
For better agricultural outputs, selective destruction of only weeds is essential.
Recently made vaccines produced by biotechnology are comparatively safer than using completely or partially killed pathogens as vaccines.
Sewage is rich in organic matter.
Releasing such sewage into natural water bodies like rivers would increase its organic content.
The organic matter would get oxidized using the dissolved oxygen in the water.
This reduces the levels of dissolved oxygen and adversely affects the aquatic life in the water body.
Organs like the eyes, heart, lungs, pancreas, liver, bone, kidney and skin play significant roles in various physiological (metabolic) activities and maintaining a healthy human life. A person will not be able to lead a normal life if these valuable organs are damaged or absent.
These organs can also be donated to save the life of individuals in need.
During the life of an individual, certain organs like kidney, skin, etc. can be donated to people who have lost the function of these organs due to aging, accidents, infections, disorders, etc.
After death (posthumous), organs like liver, heart and eyes can be donated.
In case of medical conditions like myocardial infarction, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc., stem cells are used to replace dead cells.
In conditions like anemia, thalassemia and leukemia, where blood count is affected, stem cells are used to produce new blood cells. This is known as regenerative cell therapy.
Advances in research may make it possible to produce organs like liver or kidney from stem cells to be used for transplantation in case of organ failure.
Some examples of the different branches of biotechnology are cytology, molecular biology, genetic engineering, biochemistry, etc.
False
Life of many people can be saved by organ and body donation.
Blinds can regain the vision.
Life of many people can be rendered comfortable by donation of organs like liver, kidneys, heart, heart valves, skin, etc.
Similarly, body can be made available for research in medical studies.
A single person can thus help safe many lives simultaneously through organ donation.
Many environmental problems are solved using modern biotechnology. Some of these are as follows:
Microbial techniques are commonly used for the treatment on sewage and solid waste.
Sewage (rich in organic matter) should be released into rivers only after oxidation with the help of microbial technique.
Microbes are useful on large scale for the production of compost by treatment on solid organic waste material.
Bio-remediation, biopesticides, biofertilizers, biosensors, etc, are some new concepts in biotechnological methods which can effectively be used to protect the environment.
Bioremediation means either absorption or destruction of toxic chemicals and harmful pollutants with the help of plants and microorganisms. If plants are used for this purpose, it called as ‘phytoremediation’.
e.g.
Pseudomonas are useful for cleaning the hydrocarbon and oil pollutants from soil and water.
The fern Pteris vitata can absorb arsenic from the soil.
Genetically modified variety of Indian mustard can absorb selenium from soil.
Sunflower can absorb uranium and arsenic.
Deinococcus radiodurans has been genetically modified and used to absorb the radiations from radioactive debris.
Grasses like alfalfa, clover and rye are used in phyto-remediation.
Diagnosis and treatment of diseases are the two important aspects of human health management where biotechnology plays an important role.
Diagnosis: Biotechnology helps to identify the role of genes in the disease of a person. Diagnosis of diabetes and heart diseases has become possible even before the onset of symptoms, with the help of biotechnology. Diagnosis of the diseases like AIDS, dengue can be done within few minutes.
Therapy: Biotechnology is useful for the production of hormones like insulin, somatotropin and blood clotting factors.
Vaccines and vaccination: Biotechnology has led to the development of safer vaccines which make use of only antigens rather than the complete pathogen. Edible vaccines are also being developed with the help of biotechnology.
Interferons: Biotechnology is used to produce interferons from transgenic E. coli, that are useful for the treatment of viral diseases.
Gene therapy: Gene therapy to treat genetic disorders in somatic cells has become possible due to biotechnology.
Therapeutic Cloning: Stem cells can be derived from the cell formed in the laboratory by the union of the somatic cell nucleus with the enucleated egg cell. Various diseases can be treated with the help of these stem cells.
Biotechnology plays an important role in the identification of genes that cause disease in humans.
Due to biotechnology faster diagnosis of diseases like diabetes, AIDS and dengue is possible, sometimes even before the onset of symptoms.
For the treatment of diseases like diabetes, insulin is produced by inserting the insulin producing gene into the genome of bacteria, using biotechnological techniques.
Vaccines, interferons and antibiotics are produced against specific pathogens or diseases.
Gene therapy is used to treat genetic disorders in somatic cells and germline cells.
Using therapeutic cloning, stem cells or genes can be cloned in order to treat hereditary diseases.
Agricultural yield and crop variety can be improved by implementing biotechnological techniques for agriculture.
Hybrid seeds are developed, in which two different crops are recombined.
Genetically modified crops having desired characters are developed by incorporating a foreign gene into the genome of crops by biotechnological techniques.
Genetic modification enables the development of high-yielding varieties with resistance to diseases, weeds, herbicides, cold, drought and soils with high alkalinity. e.g. Bt cotton, golden rice, etc.
Bacteria like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Nostoc, Anabaena and plants like Azolla can be used as biofertilizers to improve the abilities of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization by plants.
Products such as chocolates, juices, jams and jellies are produced by processing on fruits.
Since fruits are perishable agro-produce they need to be processed in such a way that it can be used throughout the year.
Various techniques/methods like storage in cold storage to drying, salting, air tight packing, preparing murabba, evaporating, etc. are carried out in order to process such fruits.
It has become possible to solve environment related various problems with the help of biotechnology. microbial techniques are already in use for treatment on sewage and solid waste. Sewage is rich in organic matter.
If such sewage is released in natural water bodies like rivers, the organic matter in it gets oxidized with the help of dissolved oxygen. Due to this, level of dissolved oxygen in water decreases, adversely affecting the aquatic life.
False
| Living organism | Substance that absorbs |
| 1) Indian mustard | b) Selenium |
| 2) Deinococcus radiodurans | a) Radiations |
| Living organism | Substance that absorbs |
| 1) Pseudomonas | b) Hydrocarbons |
| 2) Pteris vittata | c) Arsenic |
Adulsa
Methods like artificial insemination and embryo transplant are mainly used for animal husbandry.
False
Pluripotency (the self-multiplying ability of undifferentiated stem cells by which they are capable of giving rise to all types of human cells) is shown in the given figure.
X: Neuron, Y: Intestine
i. In the given diagram, we can observe that stem cells are capable of forming a variety of new cell types that can combine to form tissues and organs.
ii. With advances in biotechnology, if provided with specific chemicals/stimulus and optimum conditions, stem cells may develop into neurons, brain, intestines, liver, heart, and bone.
iii. These valuable organs could then be used for organ transplantation.
The given figure shows the use of stem cell/stem cell therapy.
The stem cells can replicate themselves to produce identical copies.
The stem cells can be transformed into other types of cells.
Liver, kidneys, heart, heart valves, skin, eyes, pancreas, bones.
Phenylketonuria arises due to genetic changes in liver cells.
Explanation:
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a mutation in the gene that makes the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is primarily active in the liver. This enzyme helps break down the amino acid phenylalanine. When it's missing or defective, phenylalanine builds up in the body, leading to PKU.
True
Different tissues of the body are formed by division of stem cells. Stem cells are present in the umbilical cord by which the fetus is joined to the uterus of the mother. Stem cells are also present in the blastocyst stage of embryonic development.
Stem cells are present in red bone marrow and adipose connective tissue of adult human beings. It has become possible to produce different types of tissues and the degenerated part of any organ with the help of these stem cells.
The two types of stem cells are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
Cytology
The disease related with the synthesis of insulin is diabetes.
The Government of India has encouraged aquaculture for improving the productivity by launching the program NKM-16.
220
Transgenic raw potatoes generate the immunity against cholera disease.
Tissue culture and production of hybrid seeds.
Vaccines produced by biotechnology use only antigens prepared by genes isolated from the pathogen. This eliminates the use of complete pathogen and reduces the chances of the vaccinated person from contracting the disease people.
The immune system gets activated on encountering the pathogenic antigen, thus protecting the body from any subsequent attack by the same pathogen.
Transgenic potatoes containing edible vaccines cannot be cooked, as heating would denature the proteins and reduce the vaccine potential.
Vaccines can be used to prevent a disease, whereas antibiotics are used only after a person falls ill.
False
True
False
Stem cells are specialised cells that give rise to all other types of cells present in the body of multicellular organisms.
The advantages of tissue culture are as follows:
High class varieties of crops have been developed through the technique of tissue culture.
Genetic improvement of the plants has become possible due to tissue culture, moreover, these characters can be inherited to the next generation.
Tissue culture techniques are also being used in the production of edible vaccines.
The benefit of tissue culture in fruiting and flowering plants is the incorporation of desirable characters like disease and pest resistance by various biotechnological techniques.
Uniform growth, early maturity and high yields may also be obtained by tissue culture techniques. In case of fruiting plants, it helps produce noncracking fruits of uniform size.
Animal tissue culture is also useful for the growth and maintenance of cell cultures which are further used for stem cell therapy and other medical and research purposes.
Biotechnology includes various branches like cytology, molecular biology, genetic engineering, biochemistry, etc.
The given figure relates to the production of edible vaccines.
The steps of production of edible vaccine are as follows:
i. The desired gene is isolated from the human pathogen. e.g.
Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, etc.
ii. This gene is then transferred to the plant cells through a transgenic plant virus that infects the pieces of plant leaves.
iii. By tissue culture techniques, the entire plant is developed from these leaf pieces which contain the desired gene.
iv. The potatoes produced by these plants when consumed raw will help the individual develop immunity against the pathogen.
Biotechnology is the branch of science that uses living organisms, cells, or their parts to make useful products or improve existing processes for the benefit of humans.
Cloning is the process of production of replica of any cell or organ or an entire organism.
Currently, biotechnology is being used to produce edible vaccines, by growing genetically modified plants that can produce transgenic vegetables like potatoes.
The desired gene is isolated from the human pathogen. e.g. Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, etc.
This gene is then transferred to the plant cells through a transgenic plant virus that infects the pieces of plant leaves.
By tissue culture techniques, the entire plant is developed from these leaf pieces which contain the desired gene.
The potatoes produced by these plants when consumed raw will help the individual develop immunity against the pathogen and are thus referred to as edible vaccines.
The “Blue Revolution” refers to the remarkable emergence and growth of aquaculture, making it an important and highly productive field in fish production. It signifies the rapid increase in fish farming and seafood production to meet growing demand.
In vaccination, small amount of vaccine i.e. killed/inactivated form of pathogens (antigen) is introduced into the body to induce immune response against a specific pathogen or disease. e.g.
Polio vaccine, hepatitis vaccine, etc.
Organic farming is a currently preferred approach in agriculture because:
The liberal use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used on a large scale in agriculture is toxic for the environment.
These chemicals have been found to enter the food-web and water sources and cause harmful effects on humans and the environment.
Due to the increasing problems of soil fertility and pest infestation, an alternative solution is required to sustain agricultural yields.
Fusion of a nucleus of somatic cell with the enucleated ovum to form a complete new organism is known as reproductive cloning.
Stem cells are used in regenerative therapy and organ transplantation.
Cell therapy: In case of medical conditions like myocardial infarction, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc., stem cells are used to replace dead cells.
In conditions like anemia, thalassemia and leukemia, where blood count is affected, stem cells are used to produce new blood cells. This is known as regenerative cell therapy.
Advances in research may make it possible to produce organs like liver or kidney from stem cells to be used for transplantation in case of organ failure.
Vaccines produced by biotechnology are comparatively safer than using completely or partially killed pathogens as vaccines.
Somatic cells are fused with an enucleated egg cell, in order to obtain stem cells. This is known as therapeutic cloning.
During spraying insecticides, all the people in the exposed area should cover their hands, mouth and face, to avoid exposure to harmful chemicals.
Excess use of insecticides should be avoided, in order to prevent its entry into the food web and water resources, thus preventing biomagnification of these toxic compounds.
Use of less harmful or organic insecticides should be encouraged to reduce the level of toxicity.
To reduce environmental pollution, chemical insecticides should be sprayed specifically only when required.
Transgenic potatoes when consumed raw provide immunity against cholera and diseases caused by Escherichia coli.
Dolly the sheep was created by cloning technique.
All of the above
Products produced by pisciculture include marine and fresh water fishes like Rohu and Catla
Insulin, Somatostatin, Erythropoietin, Factor VIII, Interleukin, Interferons
White revolution : Increase in Milk production : : Blue revolution : Increase in cultivation of aquatic organisms
White revolution : Milk production : : Blue revolution : Fisheries
Medicinal plants are considered as rich resources as they can be used to treat diseases through age-old traditions like Ayurveda with minimum side-effects.
Adhatoda vasica (Adulsa), a medicinal plant found in India has applications in treating respiratory disorders.
Another important medicinal plant, Azadirachta indica (neem) is used to treat intestinal worm infections, skin conditions and various other problems.
Medicinal plants like Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Shatavari, amla, etc. have applications as home remedies to treat various ailments and strengthen the body, or commercially for the synthesis of drugs and cosmetic products.
Vaccines produced by biotechnology are comparatively safer than using completely or partially killed pathogens as vaccines.
These vaccines are more thermo-stable.
Vaccines produced by biotechnology remain active for longer periods in the body.
Edible vaccines are being produced using biotechnology. e.g. Transgenic potatoes provide immunity against cholera and diseases caused by Escherichia coli.
Organs like the eyes, heart, lungs, pancreas, liver, bone, kidney, and skin play significant roles in various physiological (metabolic) activities and maintaining a healthy human life. A person will not be able to lead a normal life if these valuable organs are damaged or absent.
These organs can also be donated to save the life of individuals in need.
During the life of an individual, certain organs like kidneys, skin, etc. can be donated to people who have lost the function of these organs due to aging, accidents, infections, disorders, etc.
After death (posthumous), organs like liver, heart and eyes can be donated.
The technique of bringing about improvements in living organisms by genetic modifications and hybridization, for the welfare of human beings is called ‘Biotechnology’.
Biotechnology is used in the field of agriculture in order to improve crop variety and yields by techniques such as genetic modification, hybridization, etc.
Techniques such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer are useful in animal husbandry to improve the quality and/or quantity of animal products like milk, wool, meat, etc.
Biotechnology has applications for the welfare of human health in diagnosis and treatment of diseases using vaccines, interferons, antibiotics, etc. Also, gene therapy and therapeutic cloning have applications in treating genetic disorders.
Biotechnology is used for the manufacture of industrial products, environmental management, food processing, green revolution, white revolution and blue revolution.
DNA fingerprinting techniques play an important role in forensic sciences and paternity testing.
Blue revolution involves fisheries and improved production of aquatic organisms (aquaculture).
Farm ponds and fishes are very common in East Asian countries. Apart from this people began cultivating other aquatic plants and animals too.
The Government of India vowed to increase production by encouraging the people for pisciculture by launching the ‘Nil-Kranti Mission-2016’ (NKM-16). 50% to 100% subsidies are offered in this case.
Marine (shrimp and lobsters) and freshwater (Rohu, Catla and other fishery products) fisheries are being carried out on a large scale.
Green revolution is the agricultural revolution that took place in India by the application of various methods for harvesting maximum yield from minimum land.
Improved dwarf varieties of rice and wheat, proper use of fertilizers and pesticides and water management has contributed to green revolution.
Dr. Norman Borlaug and Dr. M.S.
Swaminathan have valuable contributions in green revolution.
In recent times people have a more liberal view behind the concept of organ and body donation and believe that after death our body should be useful to other needful persons so that their miserable life would become comfortable.
Also, awareness about these concepts is increasing in our country and people are voluntarily donating their bodies.
Life of many people can be saved by organ and body donation. Blinds can regain their vision. Life of many people can be rendered comfortable by donation of organs like liver, kidneys, heart, heart valves, skin, etc.
Similarly, body can be made available for research in medical studies.
Many government and social organizations are working towards increasing the awareness about body donation.
White revolution involves improved production of dairy and dairy products.
Dr. Verghese Kurien was associated with the white revolution in India.
He put the cooperative dairy movement of Anand, Gujarat at an all-time high status.
During the process of attaining self-sufficiency of dairy products, various experiments were performed for quality control, newer dairy products and their preservation, thus boosting the white revolution.
The benefits of plants grown through tissue culture are as follows:
High class varieties of crops have been developed through the technique of tissue culture.
Genetic improvement of the plants has become possible due to tissue culture, moreover, these characters can be inherited to the next generation.
The benefits of tissue culture in fruiting and flowering plants is the incorporation of desirable characters like disease and pest resistance by various biotechnological techniques.
Uniform growth, early maturity and high yields may also be obtained by tissue culture techniques.
In the case of fruiting plants, it helps produce non-cracking fruits of uniform size.
Some medicinal plants and their uses are as follows:
Adhatoda vasica (Adulsa), a medicinal plant found in India has applications in treating respiratory disorders.
Another important medicinal plant, Azadirachta indica (neem) is used to treat intestinal worm infections, skin conditions and various other problems.
Medicinal plants like Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Shatavari, amla, etc. have applications as home remedies to treat various ailments and strengthen the body, or commercially for the synthesis of drugs and cosmetic products.
| Sr. No. | Field | Uses |
| A | Crop Biotechnology | It is useful in the agricultural field to improve the variety and yield of crops |
| B | Hybrid seeds | It is useful to recombine the genes of two different crops to form hybrids of various crops. This is particularly useful for fruits |
| C | GM Crops | It is beneficial in developing crops with desired characters by integrating foreign gene with their genome. High-yielding varieties with resistance to diseases, alkalinity, weeds, and other stresses like cold and drought can be developed. |
Effect of biotechnology on agriculture and allied fields are as follows:
Genetically Modified crops (GM crops) are developed by altering the DNA of natural crops.
These new varieties possess useful characters that can withstand adverse environmental stresses like frequently changing temperature, famines, changing climate, etc.
GM crops with resistance to insect pests, pathogens and chemical weedicides can also be developed. This enables the farmers to reduce the use of harmful pesticides.
There is an improvement in the nutritive value of crops and a decrease in crop losses due to the use of genetically modified or hybrid seeds.
Biotechnology has helped enhance productivity and economic output from agriculture related fields like horticulture, floriculture, animal husbandry, apiculture, etc.
Some products produced through biotechnology used in day-to-day life are as follows:
Agricultural produce like rice, wheat, cotton, etc., grown using hybrid seeds, tissue culture or genetic modification.
Animal products like wool, milk, meat, etc., that are produced by improved breeds of animals.
Biotechnological products like vaccines, insulin, antibiotics, interferons are used to treat diseases, whereas, other biotechnological techniques can be used for early diagnosis of diseases.
Industrial products like alcohol produced by fermentation of sugar molasses by transgenic yeast.
Food items such as bread, idli, cheese, wine, beer, yoghurt and vinegar are produced using microbial biotechnology.
Milk and milk products manufactured as a part of the white revolution by employing biotechnology.
Fish and fishery products reared on a large scale using biotechnology.
At a crime scene, any source of DNA (blood, semen, etc.) found can be used to establish the identity of the criminal.
Also, paternity testing or the identity of a child’s father can be established using DNA fingerprinting.
Embryonic Stem cells