Geography Class 10 Chapter 4 Climate Solutions

Very cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas. Similarly, the South–West Monsoons retreat from the Shiwalik and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas. Because of high temperatures in the summer, low-pressure areas develop in the Punjab plains and the Thar desert of Rajasthan.

This attracts winds coming from the high-pressure region in the Indian Ocean which starts blowing towards the mainland of India. These moisture-laden winds bring rainfall.

Because of the obstruction caused by the Eastern and Western Ghats, it rains more in the coastal areas.

Considering the temperatures in Brazil, the northern part of Brazil is hot while the temperatures in the southern part are comparatively lower. Seasonal variations are found in this pattern.

The factors affecting Brazil are temperature, rainfall, winds, atmospheric pressure, etc. Altitude, latitude, relief characteristics, vegetation, and continentality also affect the climate of Brazil.

Near the equator on the Brazilian coast, the temperature does not vary much. The average temperature in the Amazon valley is 25 ° - 28° C. The climate is cooler in the Highlands.

Because of the proximity to the sea, the coasts experience mild and humid climate.

Answer

Importance of Himalayas:

The Himalayas acts as a barrier protecting the great Plains of India from the cold winds of Central Asia during the severe winter season.

The Himalayas are the reason for summer rains and monsoon type of climate in the regions that are beyond the Western ghats of India.

Himalaya is responsible for the origin of perennial rivers which bring a lot of silt making the northern plains very fertile.

Importance of the Indian ocean:

The Indian Ocean is one of the greatest oceans that brings more moisture that is accountable for very moderate climatic conditions in South India. The role of the Himalayas on Indian agriculture and climate is that it not only increase the fertility level of soil but also causes rainfall.

Answer

A convectional type of rainfall is experienced in the equatorial region.

Air near the equatorial region is heated more due to high-intensity solar radiation. It expands, becomes lighter and moves in the upward direction in the form of convectional currents. The rising air cools down.

Relative humidity increases and condensation begins. Clouds are formed and every day in the evening, the equatorial regions get a convectional type of rainfall.

India is not an equatorial country and the topography of India is the main reason of orographic rainfall in India.

Answer

Moreover, as it falls under the equatorial region, this region receives a Convectional type of rainfall. So, the temperature here is humid.

Thus, throughout the year this region experiences a hot and humid climate.

Answer

Very cold winds blowing from the north are obstructed by the Himalayas.

Similarly, the South-West Monsoons retreat from the Shiwalik and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas.

Because of high temperatures in summers, low pressure area develop in Punjab plains and the Thar desert of Rajasthan. This attracts winds blows from the high pressure region in the Indian Ocean which start blowing towards the mainland of India.

These moisture-laden winds bring rainfall. Because of the obstruction caused by the Eastern and Western Ghats, it rains more in the coastal areas.

The rainfall reduces in the leeward side of the hills. Orographic type of rainfall occurs because of the natural obstruction of the Himalayas.

These winds return from the Himalayan ranges, and their retreating journey starts. While blowing from the north-east towards the Indian Ocean, these winds bring rainfall again to some parts of the Peninsula.

This is the Retreating Monsoon season in India. In general, the climate of India is hot throughout the year.

Answer

Brazil is a vast country located mostly within the tropical and subtropical regions of the Southern Hemisphere.

Due to its geographical location, the climate in most parts of Brazil is warm and humid, making snowfall a rare occurrence.

However, because of their higher altitudes and proximity to the Andes and Antarctic cold winds, southern locations like sections of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul might occasionally experience snowfall.

Yet, much of Brazil experiences temperatures that are too high to support regular snowfall.

Answer

The South-East and North-East Trade Winds are the primary sources of rainfall in Brazil. These winds transport moisture from the Atlantic Ocean and are responsible for most of Brazil's rainfall.

Brazilian Highlands stretch northward. The South-East Trade Winds are blocked by these cliffs. The winds climb, cool, and condense due to this obstacle, causing coastal orographic rainfall.

When winds cross escarpments, their moisture content drops. Thus, interior regions beyond the highlands receive minimal rainfall. A rainshadow forms on the leeward side of the mountains.

Northeastern Brazil receives little rainfall due to reduced moist breezes and orographic barriers. Brazil's ‘Drought Quadrilateral’ is known for its arid environment and frequent droughts.

Due to all these reasons, the north-eastern part of the Brazilian Highlands receives very little rainfall and is called a rain shadow region or a ‘Drought Quadrilateral’.

Answer

Due to the vast latitudinal extent of Brazil, it experiences a wide range of differences in the climate. For example, near the equator, it is hot, while near the Tropic of Capricorn, there is a temperate type of climate.

In the coastal regions near the Equator, as the sun’s rays are perpendicular, there is not much difference in the temperature of the country throughout the year. Moreover, the winds move in the vertical direction in this region.

Right

Location of Brazil on equator is affecting the climate of Brazil- Right

Location of India is in tropics- Right

The statement is Wrong.

Correct statement: Brazil gets rainfall because of the South-East trade winds and the North East trade winds.

This statement is wrong.

Correct statement: India and Brazil have different seasons at the same time.

Explanation:

India and Brazil do not have the same seasons at the same time because they are located in different hemispheres.

India is in the Northern Hemisphere, where summer occurs from March to June and winter from December to February.

Brazil is in the Southern Hemisphere, where seasons are opposite to India Summer occurs from December to February and winter from June to August.

Temperature decreases from north to south in India- Wrong

Correct statement-

Temperature increases from north to south in India.

A temperate climate is found in the south of tropic of Capricorn in Brazil.

Answer

India has a monsoon type of climate whereas Brazil experiences a wide range of variations in climate. For E.g. In Brazil, near the equator, the climate is hot while near the Tropic of Capricorn, there is a temperate type of climate.

In India, the average temperature is higher throughout the year since the sun’s rays are perpendicular upto the Tropic of Cancer which passes through it whereas in Brazil, the Equator cuts across the northern part of the country which results in 25° C to 28° C of average temperature in the Amazon Valley.

The temperature in the northern states of India is cold. For e.g. Jammu & Kashmir and parts of mountainous regions of Himalayas experience temperatures of –40° C during the winters.

While the temperature increases towards the southern states of India. In contrast, the northern part of Brazil is generally hot while in the southern part, the temperature is comparatively lower.

India receives rainfall due to the South-west monsoon winds and the rainfall is mainly of Orographic type whereas Brazil receives the orographic type of rainfall from the South-east Trade winds & North-east Trade winds and the rainfall in the northern part of Brazil is of Convectional type.

In India, the regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan experience less rainfall while the northeastern part of the Brazilian Highlands receives very less rainfall.

In India, Tropical cyclones occur frequently while these cyclones occur rarely in Brazil.

Answer